PHP Interview questions 22

91) what is magic quotes?

Ans :      Magic Quotes is a process that automagically escapes ncoming data to the PHP script. It’s preferred to code with magic quotes off and to instead escape the data at runtime, as needed. This feature has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 5.3.0 and REMOVED as of PHP 6.0.0. Relying on this feature is highly discouraged.

92) what is cross site scripting? SQL injection?

Ans :      Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in web applications which allow code injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other users. Examples of such code include HTML code and client-side scripts. SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed

                 

93) what is URL rewriting?

Ans :      Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to static URL Static URLs are known to be  better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs typically Rank better in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users. along with this we can use URL rewriting in adding variables [cookies] to the URL to handle the sessions.

                 

94) what is the major php security hole? how to avoid?

Ans :      1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a filename based on user input, without thoroughly checking it first.

2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval() function can be extremely dangerous. You essentially give the malicious user the ability to execute any command he or she wishes!

3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally designed to make programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but misuse of it often led to security holes

4. Never run unescaped queries

5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time.

6. If you don’t want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php extension.

95) whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ?

Ans :      The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL server.

PHP Interview questions 21

86) how to track no of user logged in ?

Ans :      whenever a user logs in track the IP, userID etc..and store it in a DB with a active flag while log out or sesion expire make it inactive. At any time by counting the no: of active records we can get the no: of visitors.

87) in PHP for pdf which library used?

Ans :      The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using the PDFlib library With version 6, PDFlib offers an object-oriented API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4. There is also the » Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.

88) for image work which library?

Ans :      we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of image functions for this to work. GD and PHP may also require other libraries, depending on which image formats you want to work with.

                 

89) what is design pattern? singleton pattern?

Ans :      A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in software design.

The Singleton design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a single resource without having to work out the details of the sharing themselves.

90) what are magic methods?

Ans :      Magic methods are the members functions that is available to all the instance of class Magic methods always starts with "__". Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be declared as public To use magic method they should be defined within the class or program scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are: __construct() __destruct() __set() __get() __call() __toString() __sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone()

PHP Interview questions 20

81) How we load all classes that placed in different directory in one PHP File , means how to do auto load classes

Ans :      by using spl_autoload_register('autoloader::funtion');

Like below

class autoloader

{

public static function moduleautoloader($class)

{

$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/modules/{$class}.php";

if (is_readable($path)) require $path;

}

public static function daoautoloader($class)

{

$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/dataobjects/{$class}.php";

if (is_readable($path)) require $path;

}

public static function includesautoloader($class)

{

$path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/includes/{$class}.php";

if (is_readable($path)) require $path;

}

}

spl_autoload_register('autoloader::includesautoloader');

spl_autoload_register('autoloader::daoautoloader');

spl_autoload_register('autoloader::moduleautoloader');

82) How many types of Inheritances used in PHP and how we achieve it

Ans :      As far PHP concern it only support single Inheritance in scripting.

we can also use interface to achieve multiple inheritance.

                 

83)          PHP how to know user has read the email?

Ans :      Using Disposition-Notification-To: in mailheader we can get read receipt.

Add the possibility to define a read receipt when sending an email.

It’s quite straightforward, just edit email.php, and add this at vars definitions:

var $readReceipt = null;

And then, at ‘createHeader’ function add:

if (!empty($this->readReceipt)) {

$this->__header .= ‘Disposition-Notification-To: ‘ . $this->__formatAddress($this->readReceipt) . $this->_newLine;

}

84) What are default session time and path?

Ans :      default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24 minutes

Default session save path id temporary folder /tmp

85) how to track user logged out or not? when user is idle ?

Ans : 85                By checking the session variable exist or not while loading th page. As the session will exist longer as till browser closes. The default behaviour for sessions is to keep a session open indefinitely and only to expire a session when the browser is closed. This behaviour can be changed in the php.ini file by altering the line session.cookie_lifetime = 0 to a value in seconds. If you wanted the session to finish in 5 minutes you would set this to session.cookie_lifetime = 300 and restart your httpd server.

PHP Interview questions 19

76) What is the difference between char and varchar data types?

Ans :      Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n bytes even if u r storing a value of n-m bytes

Set varchar to occupy n bytes and it will take only the required space and will not use the n bytes

eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free.

77) What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP?

Ans :      Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to identify users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5 generated now will be totally different for the same string I am using.

78) How can I load data from a text file into a table?

Ans :      you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to load data from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is delimited

b) columns and data matched correctly

79) How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?

Ans :      SELECT DATEDIFF("2007-03-07","2005-01-01");

                 

80) How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?

Ans :      $date1 = date("Y-m-d");

$date2 = "2006-08-15";

$days = (strtotime($date1) - strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);

PHP Interview questions 18

71) What type of inheritance that PHP supports?

Ans :      In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword 'extends'.

72) What is the difference between Primary Key and Unique key?

Ans :      Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL.

Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in the table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be more than one unique for a table.

                 

73) what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh time?

Ans : Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the Garbage Collection process runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp for any session files that have not been accessed in a certain amount of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only runs in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to save your sessions in a different directory, the Garbage Collection process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection process does not differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This is especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is run, it deletes ALL files that have not been accessed in the directory. There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the garbage collector: PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or 24 minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100

74) What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL and PHP?

Ans :      Both of them are open source software (so free of cost), support cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP.

75) What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in Sql?

Ans :      ORDER BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY [col1],[col2],…,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average  

PHP Interview questions 17

66) Explain Normalization concept?

Ans : The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data

from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal FormWhere the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in the table            

67) How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL?

Ans :      Use this for mysql

>SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

68) How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?

Ans :      $result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link);

$num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result);

echo "$num_rows rows found";

69) How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?

Ans : 69                SELECT CURDATE();

CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE()

for time use

SELECT CURTIME();

CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()

70) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading Style Sheets?

Ans : External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for multiple documents at once. Classes can be

created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style information for each document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitionsEmbedded Style Sheets Advantages Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document.

Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts. No additional downloads necessary to receive style information

Disadvantages

This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once Inline Styles

Advantages

Useful for small quantities of style definitions. Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods

Disadvantages

Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML). Can not control styles for multiple documents at once.

Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document. Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios

PHP Interview questions 16

61) What are the other commands to know the structure of table using MySQL commands except explain command?

Ans :      describe Table-Name;

                 

62) How many tables will create when we create table, what are they?

Ans :      The '.frm' file stores the table definition.

The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension.

The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,

                 

 63) What is the purpose of the following files having extensions 1) .frm 2) .myd 3) .myi? What do these files contain?

Ans :      In MySql, the default table type is MyISAM.

Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type.

The '.frm' file stores the table definition.

The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension.

The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,

64) What is maximum size of a database in MySQL?

Ans :      If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint.The efficiency of the operating system in handling large numbers of files in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables in a database. If the time required to open a file in the directory increases significantly as the number of files increases, database performance can be adversely affected.

The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables.

MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to 65536 terabytes (2567 – 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size, the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits.The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace that can be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed

the maximum individual file size. The tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB.

The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size limits. This is only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive. For the most up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation specific to your operating system.

Operating System File-size LimitLinux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB)

Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB

Solaris 9/10 16TB

NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB

Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB

Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger)

MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB

65) Give the syntax of Grant and Revoke commands?

Ans :      The generic syntax for grant is as following

> GRANT [rights] on [database/s] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY [password] now rights can be

a) All privileges

b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.We can grant rights on all databse by using *.* or some specific database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name

username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@%

where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.* any condition password is simply the password of userThe generic syntax for revoke is as following > REVOKE [rights] on  [database/s] FROM [username@hostname] now rights can be as explained above

a) All privileges

b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.

username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@%

where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.*

any condition